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بازار خاکستری
7.8 from The global retailer's strategic proposition and choice of entry mode, International Journal of Retail & Distribution Management, 36 (4), p. 284 (Park, Y. and Sternquist, B. 2008), (c) Emerald Group Publishing Ltd, all rights reserved; Figure 8.7 from The Gray Market Threat to International Marketing Strategies, pp. 90-116, (Bucklin, L.P. 1990) Marketing Science Institute; Figure 8.8 from Firm level export performance assessment: Review, evaluation and development, Journal of Acad- emy of Marketing Science, 28 (4) (Katsikeas, C.S. 2000), with permission of Springer; Figure 9.1 from Entry Strategies for International Markets, 2 ed.
gray market exporting
One type of channel conflict that can arise in exporting is that of gray market exports.
Also known as parallel importation, gray market channels are those that are not 'authorized' by the exporter for a particular foreign market (see Figure 8.7).
More formally, we can define gray marketing as the legal importation of genuine goods into a country by intermediaries other
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